Does hydraulic fluid freeze? In winter, as the temperature drops, although the hydraulic fluid will not freeze completely at 32 °F (0°C) like water, low temperatures can cause the hydraulic fluid to become very viscous or even stop flowing. We will explore the factors that influence its freezing point. and some effective ways to ensure smooth operation even in cold conditions.
Freezing Point of Hydraulic Fluid
Strictly speaking, hydraulic fluid does not “freeze” like water, but has an indicator called pour point.
What’s a Pour Point?
It is the lowest temperature at which hydraulic fluid can still flow slowly. Once below this temperature, the oil ends up barely flowing, thick and sticky, like wax. Most common hydraulic fluids have a pour point around -10 °F (-23° C).
However, practical problems often arise before the pour point is reached. As soon as the temperature drops, the hydraulic fluid will thicken and the flow resistance will become significantly greater. Think of it like honey in the fridge —— not frozen, but very hard to pour. Hydraulic systems slow down and become unresponsive at low temperatures, which is often the reason.
Factors Affecting Fluid Freezing Points
Not all hydraulic fluids behave the same at low temperatures. Especially in low-temperature performance. Several factors determine how your hydraulic fluid will perform in low temperatures:
- Base fluid type: Hydraulic fluid is available in mineral oil and synthetic oil. Synthetic oils are more stable in the case of large temperature changes, do not thicken easily when the weather is cold, have better fluidity, and are more suitable for winter operations.
- Additives: Hydraulic fluid specifically for cold weather is added with an anti-thickening additive to reduce the formation of wax and prevent the oil from becoming like jelly at low temperatures.
- Water mixing in: This is common in construction machinery. Water may come in through the aging seals or be mixed into the system due to condensation. From one to 32 °F (0° C), the water will freeze, and the ice slag will scratch the cylinder, jam the valve core, and may block the filter element, with serious consequences.
- Viscosity Index (VI): It can be simply understood as “how sensitive the oil is to temperature changes”. The higher the VI, the less likely the oil is to thicken in cold weather and become too thin in hot weather; oils with a low VI will be thick and sluggish in winter and overly thin in summer. For winter use, the higher the VI, the better.
How to Keep Hydraulics Safe from the Cold?
Preheat the machine first. It is dangerous to operate the hydraulic system right after the engine starts. When it is cold, the hydraulic fluid is very thick and it is difficult for the hydraulic pump to suck the oil up. Idle for 5–10 minutes, then slowly move the hydraulic pressure without load, such as lifting and releasing the boom, retracting and releasing the bucket and boom, for 10–15 minutes, and let the oil slowly circulate and heat up.
Listen carefully to the sound. If the hydraulic pump has a noticeable whistling or grinding sound, it means the oil is too thick and the oil supply is insufficient. Stop the pump immediately and continue to preheat or check for problems.
Check the rubber parts. Low temperatures can make hydraulic hoses and seals hard, brittle, and prone to cracking. Walk around the machine before work starts to see if there are any cracks or damage to the hoses. Hose bursting under high pressure is a serious safety hazard and will directly stop work.
Try to park the machine. If conditions permit, it is best to park indoors. If you can only park outdoors, cover with a tarp to avoid snow and ice. Crawler-type equipment, such as excavators and bulldozers, has wooden boards or blocks placed underneath to prevent the tracks from freezing to the ground.
Preemptive Maintenance Checks
Prevention is better than cure, which is especially important for hydraulic systems in winter.
- Check what hydraulic fluid is used. See if the machine is using the right oil now. Turn to the operating manual and, if necessary, switch to winter oil or multi-grade viscosity hydraulic fluid. Two points are important: high viscosity index and low pour point.
- Look at the state of the hydraulic fluid. Check the dipstick regularly. Normal hydraulic fluid should be clear. If it looks white or cloudy, it means water has entered. If the oil is so thick that it won’t drip from the dipstick when it’s cold, it’s not suitable for winter use.
- Drain water separators. Most diesel machines have a fuel/water separator. Drain it every day to stop water from freezing in the fuel lines. Do the same for the hydraulic tank’s water drain plug if you think there’s water in the fluid.
- Protect exposed parts. Lightly butter or rust-proof the exposed chrome cylinder stem. This prevents the water from freezing and also prevents the cylinder from hurting the seal when it retracts.
- Visual inspection. At least once a week, carefully check. See if there are any oil leaks, worn hoses, or damaged seals. When the weather is cold, small problems can easily turn into major glitches.
What Happens to a Hydraulic System During Cold Weather?
When the hydraulic fluid is too thick, the first thing to be injured is the hydraulic pump. The oil is too sticky and the pump has to work harder to get the oil out of the tank, which can quickly cause problems:
- Cavitation: If the pump does not suck up enough oil, it will create “vacuoles” in the oil. These vacuoles burst instantly under high pressure, making a strange sound like sucking rocks and damaging the inside of the pump. It won’t be long before the hydraulic pump is scrapped.
- Too high system pressure: Heavy oil has difficulty passing through the oil pipe, valve and filter element, and the system pressure will suddenly increase. The result may be a washed seal, a burst hose, or in severe cases, a crack in the top of the component housing.
Finally, the entire system will become slow, unstable, and weak, and if it is dragged any further, it will stop work completely. And it’s not just the hydraulic pump that will be damaged, the motor, cylinder and valve will also be involved.
Summary
Cold weather can really mess with how well your hydraulic system works and how long it lasts, so it’s super important to take steps to stop it from freezing up. Check the fluid regularly, warm up your equipment properly, and protect the rubber parts—this way you’ll avoid costly breakdowns and poor performance.
Want to find more hydraulic system parts? Head to the product pages at FridayParts. We have parts that fit all major heavy equipment brands, and they’re priced right.
FAQs on Hydraulic Fluid Freezing
What’s the best way to stop hydraulic lines from freezing up?
It’s a few simple steps together. Use the right winter hydraulic fluid first. Then make sure there’s no water in the system—water’s the one that freezes into ice crystals. Always warm up the machine really well before using it, so the fluid can flow and heat up. Storing the machine inside is the best thing, but it’s not always an option.
Is it really true that hydraulic fluid expands when it’s heated?
Yes, it really will. Like most liquids, hydraulic fluids become larger when heated.
This is also why the hydraulic tank cannot be filled. Space needs to be left to allow the oil to warm up and have some room to accommodate this thermal expansion. If the oil is overfilled, the system pressure will rise as soon as the temperature is high. May blow seals and even damage other components.
What happens if hydraulic oil gets too thick?
When it’s cold, thick oil makes the pump unable to suck in enough oil. And this leads to all sorts of issues: the pump’s easy to damage (from cavitation), hydraulic movements get slow and unresponsive, and the whole system’s pressure goes up. Once the machine runs, the oil has to push through all that resistance; it heats up fast, and pressure gets even higher—this can cause a whole chain of breakdowns.
